killer whales in captivity

[125] On January 6, 2017, SeaWorld announced that Tilikum had died early in the morning of bacterial pneumonia. [110] On March 14, 1992, while held at SeaWorld Texas, Samoa went into premature labour, and died giving birth to a female calf a few hours later. [129], The killer whale was spotted by boaters alone near Newport Beach, California, on 17th November 1961, and reports reached Marineland of the Pacific. Kasatka was by her side during the labor and she and Takara helped assist Kohana to the surface to take her first breath. However, her necropsy revealed she had a rare Saksenaea vasiformis fungal infection which likely caused the stillbirth and her death. However, the Miami Seaquarium has been criticized for the small size of the tank holding their sole killer whale, Lolita, which is less than two of her body lengths wide at any point. The choices were "Hako", Norse for "chosen son", "Valentino", Italian for "strong", and "Makani", Hawaiian for "the wind". Forty-five minutes later Kandu V sank to the bottom of the pool and died. [112][113] On March 12, 2007, Taima gave birth to her third calf, Malia. From this date the trainers no longer enter the water with the orcas during live shows. Yaka stayed by his side as he took his final breaths. Keet is also known as Grandbaby Shamu because his mother is the first orca to be born and raised under human care successfully. She was named in his memory: Orky's Kid. It is a privately held themed amusement and animal exhibition park in the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. When Kshamenk arrived at Mundo Marino he was kept with a female orca, "Belen." They performed in the orca show together for eight years. Keet is a bull orca who was born on February 2, 1993, in SeaWorld San Antonio. Moby Doll was popular locally and abroad and scientists took advantage of this first opportunity to study an orca and orca sounds up close. He began feeding overnight and was estimated to be 7 feet (2.2 m) long and weigh 350 pounds (160 kg). An Offshore Killer Whale,[11] suspected to be ailing by Marineland of the Pacific officials,[12] was netted by its collecting crew when swimming alone near Newport Beach, California. She is grouped with her son Makaio, Trua, Malia, and Nalani.[28]. Makaio was the name chosen. On July 19, 2012, Lovey gave birth to her second calf, a female named Luna. The cause of her death was supposedly pneumonia. He earned his name just for the holiday. Captive breeding also promises to reduce incentives to capture wild orcas. He used to perform waterworks, though after several incidents, he was not allowed to anymore. Corky is also used as the "Welcome Whale" for new trainers and new orcas. Kanduke has since become a grandfather with the births of Sumar, Tekoa, and Malia. [50] The only orca held there is Kiska. After Tekoa's attack, Taima was separated from all other whales except Tilikum, until she gave birth again to her first daughter Malia in 2007, on March 12. In 1993, she gave birth to Nyar, a female who was both mentally and physically ill, and who Gudrun tried to drown during several shows. Keiko died on December 12, 2003, after beaching himself during the night; pneumonia was later determined as the probable cause of death. This is a list of some notable orcas that died in captivity. She performed in several SeaWorld shows and eventually died on August 23, 1971. He is the largest orca at San Antonio, weighing over 9,000 pounds and over 22 ft long. He was captured near Iceland in November 1983 at about two years of age. Kayla became the new dominant orca in the stadium and was until her relocation to Orlando in 2006. Captivity is Dangerous to Killer Whales and Their Keepers, Report Shows – Monday 19 September, 2011 Takara (Japanese for "treasure") was born on July 9, 1991, at SWC to Kasatka and Kotar. The practice of capturing and displaying these whales in exhibitions began in the 1960s, soon becoming popular attractions at public aquariums and aquatic theme parks due to their intelligence, trainability, striking appearance, playfulness, and sheer size. [16] As of August 2017, he weighed 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) and was 19 feet (5.8 m) long. After Worlds of Adventure was sold, in 2004 Shouka was moved to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Marine World Africa USA) in Vallejo, California. There are up to five distinct killer whale types, some of which may be separate races, subspecies or even species. Kayla was about 20-foot (6.1 m) long and weighed about 6,200 pounds (2,800 kg). Swiss regulations require a larger minimum volume: 400 square metres (4,300 sq ft) × 4 metres (13 ft) deep for two killer whales, or 1,600 cubic metres (57,000 cu ft). Vigga died 3 years after Yaka in August 2000. Initially, it was stated that the calf was a girl so they had a naming contest on Facebook and the name "Moana" (Maori for "ocean") won, but a report in July confirmed that she was in fact a he. She is currently fully integrated into the pod of ten killer whales and is a highly athletic animal who enjoys working with her trainers. Her parents were Kenau and Orky II, both deceased. In March 2001, Freya had yet another stillborn calf. He sired many calves : Shouka, Inouk, Wikie and Valentin. It currently holds Inouk (M), Wikie (F), Moana (M), and Keijo (M) and owns Shouka (F), who is at SeaWorld San Diego. In August 1989, Kandu V charged Corky II during a live show. Taima seemed to be a better mother this time, and no notable occurrences of aggression were reported; this may be in part due to the fact that Kalina acted as "aunt" to Malia and helped Taima to look after her. The first North Eastern Pacific orca, Wanda, was captured in November 1961 by a collecting crew from Marineland of the Pacific, and over the next 15 years, around 60 to 70 orcas were taken from Pacific waters for this purpose. However, there have been in the past. Corky is easy to identify, mostly because of her large size for a female, her tall unbent dorsal fin, the small 'chips' in her dorsal fin, and a nick in her left dorsal fluke. The calf, fathered by Tilikum, was stillborn. After being passed from the House of Commons in 2015, a law banning breeding or keeping cetaceans in captivity (except for rehabilitation or research, and those already held) was passed in June, 2019. During the birth, Kalina assisted Taima and helped the calf to the surface for its first breath. Junior was captured in Icelandic waters in November 1984. Sumar was approaching full size for a typical bull orca when he died: his dorsal fin was more and more leaning to its left and his flukes were beginning to curl under. Six Flags moved Shouka to SeaWorld San Diego the next month in August 2012, where Corky immediately took her under her wing. [47] Parks include: There was also a fourth park named SeaWorld Ohio, but the park closed in 2001. killer whales are being mentally and physically abused in captivity immunosuppression can be a factor of infection related deaths due to chronic stress, psychological depression, and even boredom. A year later, Takara gave birth to her second calf, a male named Trua, fathered by Taku. [118] She was born tail-first around 16:45 EST during a thunderstorm. K1 disappeared in 1997 and was presumed to have died at the age of 41, as his year of birth was believed to be 1955. Young orcas are born with heart valves open and they should close soon after birth. [14] The next killer whale captured, Moby Doll, had been harpooned and shot in 1964 and survived for three months when brought back for display to Vancouver, British Columbia. He had worked at Loro Parque since 2004. The crowd was quickly ushered out of the stadium. [80] The Whale and Dolphin Conservation says that dorsal fin collapse is largely explained by captive killer whales swimming in small circles due to the inadequate space in which they have to swim. He and Katina soon mated. On Monday October 4, 2010, less than four months after Taima's death, Kalina died of preacute bacteremia sepsis at the age of 25. Killer Whales: Abused & Mistreated While many people have experienced the majestic showcasing of trained orcas in public displays at recreational parks such as SeaWorld, few have heard of the tragic events that these killer whales go through while in captivity. [79][82] Hoi wai was about 5 metres (16 ft) long and weighed about 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb). Katina became pregnant in early spring of 1984 at SeaWorld San Diego from a male named Winston. His mother was Taima and he was her first calf. Five months later, two females named Kayla and Winnie were moved in. Sumar (May 14, 1998 – September 7, 2010) was a male orca born at SeaWorld Orlando in Florida. Captive killer whales often give birth at a much younger age than in the wild, sometimes as young as age seven. [citation needed], The original Namu developed a bacterial infection which damaged his nervous system, causing him to become unresponsive to people. Killer whales are intelligent, versatile and opportunistic predators. [49], Lovey (ラビー, Rabī) was born on January 11, 1998, at Kamogawa Sea World, to mother Stella and father Bingo/Thor. Trua is easily identified because of his three dots and belly freckles. [13] She became known as Wanda, but convulsed and died two days later after "swimming at high speed around the tank, striking her body repeatedly," recalled Marineland's Frank Brocato. She has been a surrogate mother to Sumar, Splash, Orkid, and Keet. In November 2006, Kayla was transferred to Sea World Orlando leaving behind a mate Keet, and their daughter Halyn was raised by Unna immediately after Kayla's transfer. The trainers tried to move Taima to another tank and finally separated her from her son. [101], The only recorded injury of a human by an orca in the wild happened in 1972 at Point Sur, California. She vocalizes in captivity, in the unique calls used only by her pod. [26][27], Lolita, originally known as Tokitae, was a survivor of the Penn Cove captures. "Earth measures about 11.5 feet and weighs in at around 1,543 pounds (2011).". Amaya's father is Ulises, the form of conception is unknown, either naturally or through artificial insemination. On February 14, 2013, Kshamenk became a father via artificial insemination to Makani,[13][44] a male calf born to Kasatka at SeaWorld San Diego, and to a female calf named Kamea, born to Takara at SeaWorld San Antonio on December 6, 2013.[13]. [59], On average, an adult killer whale in the wild may eat about three to four percent of their body weight daily,[60] or as much as 227 kg (500 lb) of food for a six-ton male. [82] This is a higher prevalence of these deformities than in other areas of the world, as studies have reported rates of abnormal fins in wild adult males at 4.7% in British Columbia and 0.57% in Norway. ", http://theorcaproject.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/keltie-byrne-coroner-inquest-5pg.pdf, OSHA Investigates Trainer's Death, Separate Incident – Orlando News Story – WKMG Orlando, "SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale - CNN.com", "What's best for "Tilikum" now, and what have we learned? Unlike most orcas, he was born head first. She was about 31 years old, the third oldest orca in captivity at the time. In July 2012, Shouka began to display aggressive behavior during one of her performances. Kohana had also given birth to Victoria on August 3, 2012. Although ten years was an extremely young age for a killer whale to become a mother, Kalina was the first killer whale calf to be successfully born and raised in captivity. She's grown to be bulky, like her mom, has round eyepatches, her dorsal fin has started to lean to her left side, and is the longest baby at Sea World Orlando. Finally, in 1984, Katina was transferred to the SeaWorld in Orlando. [21] However, Shamu did not get along with Namu and so was sold to SeaWorld in San Diego in December 1965. The young mothers may have difficulty raising their offspring. Shamu was, however, quickly leased and eventually sold to SeaWorld San Diego. She gave birth to another male, Tuar, on June 22, 1999. This increased aggressiveness does not disappear in captivity. Kalina bore her fourth calf and first daughter, on February 9, 2004, named Skyla. So Junior was put in a small tank in Marineland's warehouse, with no natural sunlight or air, and with noisy overhead fans. [89] The cause of his death was later determined using information from his necropsy report provided by the Freedom of Information Act. In December 2017, Loro Parque announced Morgan was pregnant with her first calf. Growing concern from conservationists and animal rights activists has caused the Icelandic government to limit the number of orcas that may be captured each year.[34]. Keet may have fathered the possible 2 extra pregnancies of Unna claimed by Bridgette Pirtle. He was 23 feet (7.0 m) long. girl name", "Orca ( Orcinus orca ) captivity and vulnerability to mosquito-transmitted viruses", "Necropsy Report: Killer Whale (Orcinus-orca) Taku", "The story behind Tilikum the killer whale", "Captive Cetaceans Tragically Sad: Blackfish lies – Debunking Seaworld's website announcement", "SeaWorld: Tilikum, orca that killed trainer, has died", "SeaWorld killer whale Unna dies after long illness", "Other Captive Orcas - Historical Chronology", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_captive_killer_whales&oldid=1010107525, Articles needing additional references from May 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 87.5% Icelandic – 12.5% Southern residents, 93.75% Icelandic – 6.25% Southern Residents, 87.5% Icelandic – 12.5% Southern Residents, 50% Argentinian Transient – 50% Icelandic, Unknown (Russia), most likely Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, because no orcas at Wuxi Changqiao Ocean Kingdom have been confirmed to be female, October 2003 – 2011 (est.) His dorsal is currently the tallest of any captive killer whale only to be dwarfed by that of his father by a foot and a half. Kyara then died 2 months later, on July 24, due to pneumonia.[67]. Aquarium staffs say captive whales are priceless educational tools. Corky went on to give birth six more times, but the longest surviving calf, Kiva, lived only 47 days. None of the subsequent employees hired have been sent to Sea World parks for training. In popular public aquariums such as Sea world all across the globe. Katina lives with two of her seven calves (Nalani and Makaio) and her grandson (Trua). Miami Seaquarium had another orca, Hugo, who lived in a different tank, called the 'Celebrity Bowl', which now houses manatees. Captive killer whales are live killer whales (Orcinus orca) which are held in captivity by humans, often for breeding or performance purposes. Takara gave birth to her third calf, a female born January 7, 2010, named Sakari. Belen died shortly after in February 2000, leaving Kshamenk alone. On September 20, 1990, Kanduke died of St. Louis encephalitis, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. Hyak and Bjossa produced a calf in 1987, but it only survived a short time. One of the valves did not close which caused Baby Shamu II to pass away. He died in 1986. He died shortly before 1:45 PM (Pacific time). Gudrun gave birth to Nyar on December 31, 1993. He was given the adoption name of Taku. Kandu V was a dominant female Icelandic orca, caught in 1977 and kept at SeaWorld San Diego in California. This may be a worrying sign that Malia is being treated for a serious infection, and that the illness is being exacerbated by exposure to sunlight in her clear, shallow enclosure with little protection from the sun.[56]. She was sold and transferred to the Vancouver Aquarium on March 10, 1967. I put this video together to address some of the issues present in the captive dolphin industry. He was captured with six other pod members, including Corky II and Natsidalia, who was thought to be his mother. She was 17.7 feet (5.4 m) long and weighs around 5,950 pounds (2,700 kg). Vigga died on Monday, August 14, 2000, at approximately 8 p.m. An abnormal heart pathology resulting in a build-up of fluid in her pericardial sac, and an infection in one lung is the suspected cause of death. The captured whales were kept at Pender Harbour for some weeks before being transferred, and Natsidalia did not survive. Kalina gave birth to her first calf, a male named Keet, on February 2, 1993, at Sea World Texas. The name is a bit of a misnomer, however, since orcas are actually a species of dolphin, not a species of whale. Kalina (September 26, 1985 – October 4, 2010) was the first captive-born orca calf to survive more than a few days. Corky II accompanied him, and the two were thought to be cousins, as they were both from the same pod. Of the reported killer whale attacks in the wild, none have been fatal. Several therapies were tried, including ozone therapy and herbal remedies at the last, but to no avail. She was captured near Iceland at about three years of age on October 26, 1978. [5] Killer whales are highly social; some populations are composed of matrilineal family groups, which are the most stable of any animal species. Skyla is now at Loro Parque along with Keto. Her siblings are Takara (1991) Nakai (2001), Halyn (2005–2008) and Makani (2013). It is unknown where TIN-OO-C1306 currently resides, he/she may be with Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, the TINRO Center, or at another park. Fins were considered abnormal if they displayed collapse, partial collapse, or bends. Morgan was rescued from the Wadden Sea on June 23, 2010. The estimated 1.5 year-old orca was alone, malnourished and underweight. Keeping orcas in captivity took place since the early 1960s and through time many individuals have lived in several aquariums. It receives more than 1,200,000 visitors per year, and is the only French sea park featuring two cetacean species: killer whales and dolphins. – July 2015 – Possible escape in 2016, Samborombon Bay Argentina/Transport Truck/Mundo Marino, (Code Unconfirmed) British Columbia Capture, Sea World San Diego? His first son, Kyuquot, was born to Haida II on December 24, 1991. Her parents were Katina (mother) and Tilikum. [36] On June 16, 2013, Victoria suddenly died at the age of 10 months. In the wild the dorsal fin points straight up but in captivity it's slumped over. Successes. reported. He was sent to Sealand of the Pacific, Victoria, and then sold to Marineland, Canada. Vicky's cause of death was later revealed to be intestinal problems. Killer Whales have been known to be violent with their trainers and there have been more than 100 documented incidents of Killer … On July 22 it was announced that she was showing signs of pneumonia. The park received a total of 19,384 applicants and 5,062 individual names, and settled on Lynn. [62][69] He is currently living at SeaWorld San Diego in California with 9 other whales. Yaka was 10 years older than Vigga. He is the result of inbreeding between Kohana and Keto. Keet was the lowest ranking adult orca in the dominance chain at SeaWorld Texas. Kayla gave birth to her first calf on October 9, 2005, a female named Halyn. Killer whale captures were intensely popular during the 60s to 80s but fell out of favour in Western society in later years. Chimo was captured when trying to find a mate for the park's star attraction, Haida. Initially brought to the Saedyrasafnid Aquarium in Iceland, she was moved in late October 1977 to the Dolfinarium Harderwijk in the Netherlands. She was a member of the L pod. In February 2006, Loro Parque received four young killer whales; two males, Keto (born in 1995) and Tekoa (born in 2000), and two females, Kohana (2002) and Skyla (2004) on loan from SeaWorld. Chimo died in 1972 from complications caused by Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, the syndrome which caused her albinism. He was born at SeaWorld Orlando on June 22, 1999. [4] This technique lets park owners maintain a more healthy genetic mix in the small groups of orcas at each park, while avoiding the stress of moving orcas for breeding purposes.[5]. Later content provided by the aquarium confirmed the correct transcription as Lynn. Nothing has been confirmed. The move angered many since it separated her from her son, Trua. [18] "Kamogawa is the location of Kamogawa Seaworld, which opened in 1970. . She and Kim went to Marineland Antibes from Hafnarfjordur Aquarium. Kenau died in 1991 while pregnant with her third calf, whose father was Kotar. [2] When the US Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 effectively stopped the capture of Pacific orcas, captures were made in Icelandic waters. It is unclear whether Tilikum actually caused the man's death. Their diet in the wild depends on what is available, and may include fish, walruses, seals, sea lions, penguins, squid, sea turtles, sharks and whales. Their black and white colouring makes them easily recognisable and some of the best-known marine mammals. At SeaWorld Orlando, Kanduke often fought with a younger Icelandic male named Kotar. His parents are Takara and Taku, his grandfather is Tilikum. Males reach sexual maturity at around 13 years of age or 5.2-6.4 meters in length, depending on the ecotype, while females reach it between six and ten years or when they are 4.6 to 5.4 meters long. Takara and Kohana (his sister) had just been moved to SeaWorld Orlando when she and Taku met. She often floats at the acrylic glass to interact with visitors. Due to the circular tank the orcas were kept in, Corky had trouble nursing her son. In Argentina, it is illegal to export native fauna, and as a wild born orca, Kshamenk is a part of the commonwealth. Second, and in the absence of any other information, it appears they’ve looked at the survival rate of calves in the first two years of life and extrapolated it out 50 years into the future." The Penn Cove Capture became controversial due to the large number of wild orcas that were taken (seven) and the number of deaths that resulted: four juveniles died, as well as one adult female who drowned when she became tangled in a net while attempting to reach her calf. Keeping killer whales in captivity also has a huge impact on their health. Why killer whales should not be kept in captivity Keeping orcas in aquariums deprives them of crucial aspects of their lives, and in some cases it can even prove dangerous to … Kayla and Winnie joined a female named Haida II and her son Kyuquot. Hyak was transferred to the Vancouver Aquarium, where he was kept with Skana, an orca captured the previous year. Wanda revealed that a killer whale could be a unique, crowd-pulling attraction. A young male named Keto arrived in March 2001. [33], On October 13, 2010, Kohana gave birth to her first calf (a male) named Adán, in the parks "Orca Ocean" killer whale exhibit, after a four-hour labor. Killer Whales also known as Orca Whales, in captivity has been an underlying issue since the 1960s when this first started becoming a trend. There is a memorial site for Keiko set up by the locals in Halsa, Norway, where the orca spent the last year of his life.[98]. [95], Kasatka, a female killer whale who was captured off the coast of Iceland in October 1978 at the age of one year, has shown aggression toward humans. After a short stay at the Saedrysafnid Aquarium he arrived at Marineland Ontario in Canada on November 15, 1986. [79][80][81], On January 27, 1979, Suzie Wong was finally moved to Ocean Park Hong Kong, where she was renamed Hoi Wai, and would perform for life. "Marineland officials said the 5,000-pound, 17-foot long female might have ventured into Newport harbor Friday because it was ailing," A.P. The park has the world's largest indoor penguin exhibition, the longest shark tunnel in Europe, and is one of only two parks in Europe to house killer whales.[53]. Her father is Oscar. Public concern about the welfare of the animals and the effect of captures on the wild pods led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act being passed in 1972 by the US Congress, protecting orcas from being harassed or killed, and requiring special permits for capture. They are considered an apex predator, as no animal predates on them. She died on October 5, 1980, at the approximate age of 19 years, from a mycotic infection. Once Kayla arrived, she immediately gave up her dominant role to Katina, who has been the dominant female there since 1988. Crowds poured into the aquarium on the 19th to see the "monster of the deep," as orcas were characterized. On March 16, 2010, she was named Sakari, which is an Inuit word for "sweet". In November 1999, he was moved to SeaWorld San Diego in California. Trua has a dot in his eyepatch, and two dots on his neck. [70] In the wild, female killer whales have a typical lifespan of 60–80 years, and a maximum recorded lifespan of 103 years. He and a capture mate Yaka were sold to a place called Marine World/Africa USA in California. In early 1991 at a very early age Katerina was transferred out of Orlando. [83], ABC News reported that captive killer whales have attacked nearly two dozen people since the 1970s. However, she was raised by Corky, and later befriended a male named Splash. Killer whales also exhibit certain behaviors when in captivity that are not observed when they are in their natural environment. Kasatka became a grandmother for the first time when her daughter Takara gave birth to her first calf, a female born May 3, 2002, named Kohana. Katina appeared on a That's My Baby episode, where she gave birth to Ikaika. Due to SeaWorld ending its orca breeding program, Kyara was the last orca to be born in its parks. Nepo died in July 1980, leaving Yaka alone. Kenau was moved to SeaWorld Orlando in January 1991, and Kayla was moved to SeaWorld Ohio in April 1991. In many locations, it is illegal to capture wild orca for display, while a long list of countries without orca populations have banned parks from purchasing and displaying captured killer whales from overseas. [70][71] He became a father in 2011, when his son Moana was born through artificial insemination to Wikie at Marineland Antibes, France. Lolita (Low lita), originally known as Tokitae (Toh-kih-tay), is an orca at the Miami Seaquarium. The popularity of killer whales in captivity is in decline in Western culture but China is creating a massive new market and in Japan and Russia there is little resistance to captive killer whale activity. ‘Killer Whales at SeaWorld Had Teeth Removed with Power Drills and Were Left to Mourn on Own After Being Separated from Young’, Claims Shocking New Book 6. SeaWorld of Hurt 5. He is 20 feet 6 inches (6.25 m) and weighs about 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg). The name Kalia is Hawaiian for "beauty". Amaya was Kalia's first calf. On February 13, 2006, Kohana was moved to Loro Parque in Spain with three other orcas: Tekoa, Keto, and Skyla. He was then sold to Reino Aventura (now named Six Flags Mexico), an amusement park in Mexico City, in 1985. Sunburns and the development of cataracts in orcas in captivity are attributed to this exposure. On one occasion while performing, Taima started biting Sumar, and throwing him out of the pool, onto the trainer's platform. It was announced on November 3, 2010, that the calf was a healthy boy. He was probably from the A5 Pod. These "transient" types have to be more aggressive, in order to assert themselves in a wide range of territories and to prey on a variety of different species. Keet became a grandfather on December 2, 2014, when Kalia gave birth to Amaya. [88][89] On July 5, 1999, Daniel P. Dukes visited SeaWorld and stayed after the park closed, evading security so as to enter a killer whale tank. A storm on New Year's Day 1979 damaged Clacton Pier, and she was sent back to Windsor Safari Park until the end of January. Kayla (November 26, 1988 – January 28, 2019) was a female who lived at SeaWorld San Antonio and SeaWorld Orlando. In January 1987, he was sold and moved to SeaWorld Orlando. [24], A turning point came with a mass capture of orcas from the L-25 pod in August 1970 at Penn Cove, Puget Sound off the coast of Washington.

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